Energy absorption efficiency. 35, depending on the relative density.

Energy absorption efficiency Also, the densification strain is 26% higher compared to uniform foam. [17] investigated the energy absorption efficiency and its influencing factors in a typical microwave heating process based on experimental measurements. A novel tube configuration, namely, a multi-cell hexagonal tube, was proposed in this Energy-absorption diagram: (a) energy absorption efficiency–stress curve; (b) energy absorption efficiency–density curve. The energy absorption curves for the CILS were W = 2. 1). 9 larger than that of the conventional square box column. Therefore, an urgent need arises to develop a green and environmentally In this paper, a new type of honeycomb structure is proposed to enhance the energy absorption capacity for a honeycomb structure, and investigated its energy absorption efficiency (absorbed energy per unit volume) by finite element method (FEM). The specific energy absorption (SEA) values indicate that Schwarzites Cn can be used as a good energy-absorbing material, with an SEA of 55. 72%. 3. For Energy absorption efficiency continues to increase in the interval between strain 33% and 70% (Figure S3B, Section S3, Supplementary Material). The densification strain(ε d) was calculated by the energy absorption efficiency method [80, 81], which is defined as the corresponding strain value The objective of this study is to investigate the energy absorption performance of the graded lattice energy absorbers designed by a stiffness-based size optimization process under static loadings applied during the in-service conditions. Soc. The ACAC honeycomb demonstrates a comparatively stable compressive force compared to the other three honeycombs illustrated in Fig. The selection of an The energy absorption efficiency of fabric layers in different positions of the panel 8F 24 and 11F 19 is shown in Fig. edu The GMFST columns demonstrated superior energy absorption capacity, with significant increases in crush force efficiency, the averaged crush force, and the total absorbed energy, particularly in In addition, interpenetrating composites have been observed to deform stably without shear damage or fracture, facilitating the increase of energy-absorbing capability. Hence, it is necessary to employ a substantial quantity of cushioning packaging materials, despite their disposable feature and severe environmental pollution impact. In order to improve the crashworthiness and enhance the energy absorption capacity of thin-walled structures, When the ribbed angle is more than 45°, the MFTs have better energy absorption and crushing load efficiency. 4(d). Wang et al. The efficiency of CO 2 absorption through absorption can also be improved by adding a surfactant to the solvent used. By heating at 120 °C and purging The energy absorption characteristics, governed by the relative density ρ̅, wall thickness gradient parameter α, and the aspect ratio of the unit cell s̅ of out-of-plane compressive-loaded tailored honeycombs, were measured for different Reducing costs and increasing efficiency has been an important research direction in the future field of energy-absorbing structures. Lightweight buffering and energy-absorbing structures are widely used in various impact processes, such as vehicle collisions, ship impacts and aircraft landings, to dissipate amounts of kinetic energy through plastic deformation, thereby protecting drivers and passengers [1], [2], [3]. The structure achieves an average absorption efficiency of 98. The stress at the compaction point corresponding to the maximum energy absorption efficiency curve increases with a rise in strain rate, which also indicates that RPUF is a strain-rate sensitive material over a large strain rate range. D2 (d). Useful output energy is always lower than input energy. In spite of these advantages, some issues have to be addressed to ensure more efficient energy absorption and crashworthiness performance. The impact energy absorption efficiency, which is the ratio of the absorbed energy (E a) to the applied impact energy (E i), was also calculated as follows: (2) e a b s (%) = E a E i × 100 Furthermore, nondestructive ultrasonic scanning was performed using the through-transmission phased array (TTPA) technique to evaluate the damaged area related to energy Energy absorbers of lightweight and high efficiency have been intensively studied and applied for energy absorption applications in various engineering fields including aerospace, civil engineering, transportation, and nuclear reactors [1], [2], [3]. One study, for instance, demonstrated that the addition of frothers as a surfactant to the Na 2 CO 3 solution resulted in an increase in CO 2 absorption efficiency from 55. This review summarizes the recent progresses in the natural and artificial energy Over the past few decades, thin-walled structures have been widely used as energy-absorbing devices in many engineering fields such as aerospace, nautical, automobile, train, etc. 38) and RG(0. 604 for the U(0. For The energy absorption and impact attenuation of low density polyurea (PU) foams (140–220 kg/m3) is presented. Good understanding of the proper material selection, architectural design, fabrication technique as well as repairs and maintenance strategy can guarantee the production, vibration/noise reduction and sustainability of highly In a multi-layer panel, the yarn crimp is still influential on energy absorption of each fabric layer, Backface Signature (BFS) and perforation ratio of the whole panel. 4 mm CFRP Using analytical methods, we demonstrate that there is a fundamental upper limit of 5/6 to the energy absorption efficiency of such metastructures. B 4 C (9 vol%)-reinforced FGFM shows the highest energy absorption efficiency of ≈67% due to their stabilized plateau region. There are several indicators of crashworthiness, and each evaluates the crush behavior of the Energy Absorbing Structure (EAS) taking into account different aspects [22,23]. Compared with a multi-cell empty tube, the SEA of the MFT increased by about 19%. Skip to Main Content. S. 1). The strain corresponding to the peak value of the energy absorption efficiency All-around complete absorption of omnidirectional and naturally polarized light over a given waveband, which can alternatively be called "blackbody absorbers," is extremely beneficial in solar The density gradation enhances the load-bearing capacity compared to uniform foam, and the maximum compressive strength achieved is 142 MPa. 5 spectral conditions, the weighted average absorption efficiency reaches 97. In a crush resistance test using an automotive crash box, the common parameters for evaluating the energy absorption performance of a material are the peak load P max, total absorbed energy E, average crush force P m, crush force efficiency CFE, specific energy absorption SEA, and average load Crash force efficiency is a measure of the energy absorption efficiency of a fiber during a crash process. MIRBAGHERI, A. where q is the elementary charge and ϕ sun (E) is the AM 1. When bearing impact loads, thin-walled tube structures are important energy-absorbing components, which can produce large deformation In nature, plants and animals offer many excellent structures with low density, high strength and high energy absorption capacities that can inspire the design of novel structures with remarkable energy absorption, as shown in Fig. We demonstrate that internal electric fields (IEFs) substantially enhance the FCC concentrations, light harvesting, photocurrent intensity, and photothermal This research introduces the architecture of an infrared solar energy absorber coupled with absorption prognosis employing machine learning techniques. The improvement is achieved by mimicking the efficient heat and mass transfer system of the leaf veins. g. [52] investigated the The specific energy absorption (SEA) assesses the absorbed energy per unit mass of a structure as, (2) S E A = E A m where m is the mass of the energy absorber structure. , for metals and polymers) or Efficiency of energy absorption with different thicknesses. 7) EA = ∫ F d δ where F is the crushing force, δ is the displacement of the deformation. Specific energy absorption of interpenetrating composites is up to three times higher than that of corresponding pure skeletons, which could extend the potentials of plate Fig. In this case, a higher value indicates a higher efficiency of material usage for energy absorption. The obtained theoretical results This study investigated the design and energy absorption characteristics of 3D hierarchical lattices to create high-efficiency energy absorption designs. 4 (b), their energy absorption ratios can be further obtained with 29. M. Influence of the energy On the contrary, the lower feed temperature of Tank B is beneficial to improve the absorbing efficiency of the absorption tower, while it increases the energy requirement of the desorption tower. In this paper, a porous metal-high performance concrete interpenetrating phase composites (PMCIPC) filling core material is proposed, which takes porous nickel as the matrix and high-performance concrete as the . 38) samples, respectively. The current developments in additive manufacturing technologies provide a useful tool to produce low-density core materials to improve the energy absorption performance of thin-walled structures. By studying the energy absorption and efficiency diagram of PUME, the compressive properties of materials with different densities under compressive impact load were described, which showed that PUME with a density of 600 kg/m 3 had better performance. Quantum dots (QDs) have enticed the researchers, due to their unconventional optical and electronic characteristics, contributing potentially for several applications such as biomedical, sensors, and optical and electronic devices. In detail, the energy absorption efficiency of Cell 1 with cell size of 1. Efficient energy absorption is crucial to ensure full protection on precision electronic devices during transportation. Additionally, B 4 C particles delay the sudden collapse of cell walls and stabilize the compression behaviour. Crashworthiness has attracted significant attention because of its multiple functions, which are to (1) absorb energy, (2) keep the They are energy absorption (EA), specific energy absorption (SEA), peak crushing force (PCF), mean crushing force (MCF), and energy absorption efficiency (CFE), respectively. 12 to 0. 68 under working A negative Poisson's ratio (NPR) structure represents optimal impact-resistance with applications in various fields, including the crash box in vehicles, which absorbs impact kinetic energy. Also, the analytical solution for calculating mean crushing force of new multi-cell profiles is derived showing an excellent agreement with the numerical results. Existing lock-in excitation sources usually use high power (in the range of kilowatt) halogen lamps. Fabric layers in these two panels possess energy absorption efficiency less than 100%. 32 Butyrate is the colonic epithelial cells’ preferred nutrient for their metabolism and development. , due to impact/collision in particular) by plastic deformation (e. 28%, and 1. This ratio reflects how well the fiber absorbs energy throughout the entire crash process. It is shown that the optimal energy absorption per unit volume is related to dynamic plateau stress and dynamic densification strain and that the optimal energy absorption efficiency is the reciprocal of dynamic densification strain. The relationship between the micro-phase separation structure with soft and hard segments of polyurethane and the mechanical deformation is complex. Energy absorption efficiency is the ratio of the energy absorption value corresponding to the strain to the peak stress the present invention serves the purpose of providing a landing gear that has comfortable soft and moderate landing characteristics while extending energy absorption capability and efficiency under crash landings, and it achieves this by mounting in series a member with static spring rate and plastic yielding characteristics with a member that has a static spring force and offers a For the best sample which is a metal foam with 12 h of electroforming with heat treatment the first maximum compressive strength, energy absorption density, and energy absorption efficiency reach The energy absorption efficiency curves of the four kinds of lattice structures are shown in Fig. 5G solar spectrum. 51,52 Substantial amounts of propionate traverse the colonocyte and are transported to the liver, 55 where it serves as a substrate for gluconeogenesis or The energy absorption efficiency η E and force efficiency η F are summarized in Fig. 18. Particularly, porous materials, including natural and artificial materials, have attracted tremendous attentions due to their light weight and excellent energy absorption capability. The relationship between heat generation and light extinction can be described by the following equation: Φ h e a t = Φ a b s = σ a b s / σ e x t Where Φ h e a t is the heat efficiency, which is the fraction of extinction energy that is converted into heat; Φ a b s is the absorption efficiency (the fraction of extinction photons that are absorbed) of the photo-thermal NPs; and In recent years, thin-walled structures filled with various materials and structures have been of interest due to their high energy absorption efficiency and lightweight. Moreover it can be seen that the mean ideality Developing efficient impact-attenuating materials is an important societal challenge for a wide variety of applications, with current state-of-the-art energy absorption materials often showing a The maximum energy absorption efficiency (η) achieved was ≈93% for the pristine Al alloy foam with ≈50% porosity, which is ≈11% higher than the η value of 9 vol% B 4 C samples with similar porosity. Thus, the strain corresponding to the maximum energy absorption efficiency is chosen as the densification strain ɛ D, and the effective specific energy absorption E e is quantitatively expressed as: (4) E e = ∫ 0 ɛ D σ ɛ d ɛ ρ The plateau stress, defined as the average stress of the plateau stage of the stress–strain curve, is also In this paper, a new type of honeycomb structure is proposed to enhance the energy absorption capacity for a honeycomb structure, and investigated its energy absorption efficiency (absorbed energy per unit volume) by finite element method (FEM). Backer [5] tested the power absorption efficiency against varying damping under The energy absorption efficiency is calculated by the absorbed energy per unit volume of the foam divided by the energy absorbed by an ideal absorber for the given densification strain of the foam (Fig. b, SQ energy-conversion efficiency limits under global sunlight (AM1. [23] studied the out-of-plane dynamic crash behaviors of anti-tetrachiral, hexachiral and hierarchical chiral structures, and compared the energy absorption efficiency, plateau stress, peak stress of chiral structures with different ligament length, node radius, ligament thickness and level of structural hierarchy under different Porous honeycomb structure has been widely concerned in engineering fields such as automobile, high-velocity train and aircraft in recent years due to its advantages of light weight, high strength and high energy absorption [1], [2], [3]. Further justifications of the use of the energy absorption This study enhances the PCMs’ thermal conductivity and energy absorption efficiency. Two types of energy absorption efficiency curves are identified. 2 e-h illustrates varying trends in η across different TPMS types and RDs. The energy absorption effects of these LSs can be calculated as shown in Fig. Grading the structure density has proven to Enhance the energy-absorbing efficiency [23], [24], [25], the load-bearing capability, decrease the stress fluctuation [26], and also increase the stiffness [27]. The panel combining low crimp fabrics shows that the energy absorption efficiency of each layer is higher than that of the panel composed of high crimp fabrics. The present paper experimentally explores the influence of the fiber hybridization and layering sequence on crashworthiness behavior and deformation history of polymer/metal thin-walled pipes. One of the frequently-used protective structures is the steel fender system, which utilizes the plastic deformation of the steel structure to absorb impact energy, but it is large and relatively rigid, and has relatively-low energy absorption efficiency [8], [9], [10]. 30, 31, 32 The energy absorption efficiency (η (ε)) can be depicted as η (ε) = ∫ 0 ε σ (ε) d ε / σ (ε), in which ε is the compressive strain and σ (ε) is the compressive stress at a certain strain. 12 c) (Luque et al. Lightweight materials and structures have been extensively studied for a wide range of applications in design and manufacturing of more environment-fr The energy absorption characteristics of aluminum foam-filled corrugated tubes can be evaluated by several key indicators, such as initial peak compression force (IPCF), total energy absorption (EA), specific energy absorption (SEA), mean compression force (MCF), compression force efficiency (CFE), and undulation of load-carrying capacity (ULC) [69, 70]. It is calculated by dividing the average crushing load Pm by the peak crushing load Pmax. (2) For the same cell density, section width, and global average thickness (t a), a higher mean load was contributed by the tube with a larger t Energy Absorption Performance of Mg-Al-Ca-Mn Alloy. However, the increase in energy absorption efficiency is usually accompanied by an increase in peak crushing force. Lu et al. Trans. 5 i), which makes regeneration of CO 2 for energy efficient as only the form phase needs to be treated. The crashworthiness efficiency of energy absorbers can be determined in many ways. 0, the lowest energy absorption capacity was obtained from GSN. From this data, as shown in Fig. The crash box is designed to deform in response to impact, increasing local structural density, which enhances impact resistance performance. 6 mm and 2. The optimum J sc therefore only depends on the product α eff (E)d, which is however an energy-dependent quantity. During impact events, thin-walled tubes can effectively absorb the kinetic energy of the structures through performing plastic deformation so as to protect Davis [29] and Anbarsooz [30] conducted experimental and CFD studies, showing that the damper and spring could affect the wave energy absorption efficiency of a heaving WEC. Energy absorption capability and efficiency both strongly rely on deformation behavior, which corresponds to the plateau stage in stress-strain The composite exhibits a unique combination of mechanical properties with improved strengths at ambient to elevated temperatures, remarkable damage tolerance, good damping capacities at differing amplitudes, and exceptional energy absorption efficiency, which is unprecedented for magnesium materials. 9 shows the energy absorption efficiency of each layer in perforated panels 8F 3, 8F 6, and 8F 9 designed for perforation ballistic impact. It avoids high power devices rapidly overheating before the PCM-based cooling modules reach the phase change temperature. 66 %, the bandwidth with an absorption efficiency greater The combination of strut bending deformation and contact interaction yields a stable plateau force and efficient energy absorption, as demonstrated in Fig. It can be seen in Fig. Hence, it is necessary to conduct a multi-objective optimization analysis on the sandwich structures proposed in this study to obtain the Pareto frontier solution between the energy absorption efficiency and the peak crushing force. A multi-cell tube enhances the energy absorption considerably compared to the absorption of a single tube under the same conditions. Therefore, structures with superior energy absorption capability are favored. For each LS, the energy absorption effect shows a slow increase with the size factor, which can be attributed to the edge effect. Fig. 13 (d). JAFARI RAMIANI Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran 15875-4413, Iran Received 1 April 2020; accepted The energy absorption efficiency (EAE) of CFRP laminates with different thickness was investigated. 6 kW cooling capacity. The laser starts from the laser to the solder ball, in this process, part of the energy is absorbed by the solder ball, part of The energy absorption efficiency, η, is the ratio of absorbed energy of the existing material up to a strain ε, normalised by the energy absorbed by an ‘ideal’ absorber up to the same strain [42, 44]. 24. , 2012). 34ε − 0. China 31(2021) 92−110 Efficient energy absorption of functionally-graded metallic foam-filled tubes under impact loading M. The mean ideality energy absorption efficiency in stability region are 0. [] Classical energy-absorbing To quantify the energy absorption, an energy absorption efficiency method can be applied. Haipeng Han Department of Civil and Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, It has certain advantages in wave energy absorption because the rotor blades of the self-rectifying impulse turbine have a lower speed and a smaller centrifugal stress Energy conversion efficiency is the product of the efficiency of each link. Constitutive Model of PUME. 9 a that the energy absorption efficiency curves of BCC and Octet lattice structures indicate significant fluctuations as the compressive strain increases. 03%, 23. Failure mode dominates the energy absorption efficiency. The study of bi-material thin-walled tubes as energy dissipating systems was first reported by Mamalis et al. , plastic and brittle metals, glass, graphite and Kevlar fiber-reinforced composites), the specimen fabrication characters This study proposes a pyramid-shaped solar absorber designed with multi-layered Ti-SiO 2 ring stacked. 12. The total energy absorption ratio of the integrated system is 53. Among all crashworthy members, thin-walled metal tubes have been the focus of numerous investigations, due to their low cost, ease of fabrication and excellent energy absorption efficiency. After achieving σ max, a distinction of the energy absorption efficiency appears when varying the cell size of samples. 78, 0. The stress–strain behavior, energy absorption, cushioning efficiency, and energy return (resilience) are measured at a quasi-static strain rate using an Instron load frame. The large pore structure and multiple ring defects of Schwarzites result in a maximum Young’s modulus (Schwarzites C11) of 91. Currently there are two proposed types of typical low-cost design concepts for energy-absorbing structures: self-locked embedding and directly embedding, as illustrated in Fig. Thus far, absorption is the widely used process in industrial for capturing CO 2. When this feature is examined, the foam-protected structure system is not equivalent to the unprotected structure system, in terms of their masses. According to the results of experiments and numerical calculations, thin CFRP laminates have a good EAE under relative higher velocity impact; by contraries, a superior EAE is displayed in thick laminates under relative lower velocity impact. It can be seen that the energy absorption efficiency of the system decreases significantly as the tube radius increases from 0. As shown in Fig. e. 1 % via tailored through-thickness grading of the structure's relative density. To simulate the dynamic keyhole with heat source accurately, especially when the depth of the keyhole keeps changing, the energy absorption efficiency should be linear with the depth of the keyhole instead of a fixed value for simplification. The collapse modes and the energy absorption capacity including average and peak stress, energy absorption, crush force efficiency and densification strain are compared among these structures. Efficiency of power plants, world total, 2008. Among six species of juvenile fishes (<6 months old), stenohaline species (channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus and goldfish Carassius auratus) had their highest specific growth rate (G) and most efficient food conversion ratio The design of an engine room is important to protect the passenger from a crash impact by improving the absorption of the crash impact energy. 8 × 10 14 kW. thanks to their extraordinary energy absorption and lightweight efficiency [1], [2], [3]. A significant portion of the energy absorption capability of Critical parameters such as initial peak force, average force, energy absorption capacity, collapse force efficiency, and absorbed energy per unit weight are used in quasi-static tests to evaluate The calibrated numerical model is then used to simulate the structural response of thin-walled energy-absorbing structures under various loading rates. Current studies have only The energy absorption efficiency curve shows that 3D printing foam also has the advantages of high energy absorption efficiency and high specific strength of foam materials, and the energy absorption efficiency can reach 0. In addition, the low velocity impact attenuation of the polyurea foams at 5 J U. The energy absorption principles vary depending on The energy efficiency of a single-effect absorption cycle drops significantly when less than enough heat energy is executed an experimental investigation to analyse the impact of a GAX on the efficiency of an absorption cooling machine with 17. Energy absorption is shown experimentally to increase by up to 67. It means that, the foam with uniform structure has a higher mean ideality energy absorption efficiency than the foams with gradient structures. Over the past decades, two critical characteristics of light-weight and crashworthiness have drawn 1 Introduction. The system performance obtained 0. 612 and 0. In 2008, the axial crushing behavior of metallic frusta with non-uniform thickness throughout the height was studied by Gupta [23]. NIR absorption mainly depends on surface plasmon resonance and the high density of free charge carriers (FCCs). Commonly, thin-walled structures with simple cross-section such as circular and square are extensively utilized as energy The energy absorption capacities of GC slabs were shown in Table 4 and while the maximum energy absorption capacity was acquired from GSN-SF 2 /1. This paper presents a review on the factors affecting the absorption efficiency for CO 2 capture in packed column. The energy absorption efficiency was reported to be increased up to 50%, compared to tubes with constant wall thickness. The present LED excitation source has an advantage of low power An energy absorber is a system that converts, totally or partially, kinetic energy into another form of energy. The energy absorption of the foam under the different strain rates: (a) the diagram of the energy absorption as a function of the compression ratio, the red line (E q) represents the energy absorption of the foam in the hydraulic test, the blue The energy absorption efficiency increases with the depth of the keyhole after a turning point. 8 a and 8b, the incorporation of SFs in the slabs seriously increased the energy absorption capacity, while the combination of NS and Absorbed SCFAs are used as energy for the colonocytes or transported to various peripheral tissues for further metabolism. The energy absorption performance of thin-walled tubes, normally characterized by initial peak crushing force (IPCF), energy absorption (EA) and specific energy absorption (SEA), is influenced by several factors, such as material property, cross The good combination of properties, i. [11, 12] theoretically analyzed the power absorption of a curved flap-type WEC array in both a semi-infinite channel and open sea, and showed curved structures can increase energy absorption efficiency, especially at large frequencies. 89 MJ/kg for Schwarzites C6 at 50% strain in uniaxial compression. 06 % over the range of 280–4000 nm, and under AM1. 2. When the impact velocity varies between 650 m/s and 950 m/s, the maximal EAE is obtained by 2. (7) is also used to characterize the energy absorption capacity of porous metals, (7) I = ∫ 0 ε max σ d ε ε max σ max where I is the energy absorption efficiency, ε max and σ max represent maximum strain and maximum stress, respectively. The better an impact protection device's energy absorption capability is under the same deformation conditions, the higher its energy absorption efficiency. 3%. Our approach involves creating an efficient absorber tailored for infrared wavelengths complemented by a machine learning model for accurately predicting absorption levels. 11. 12 (c). 1. The absorber's design The fourth-order MFC with an FD of 2. Nonferrous Met. Our objective 1Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China. SALEHI, S. A simplified energy absorption model is put forward and employed to describe the energy absorption performance. The influences of This study presents a proof of concept of how to simultaneously achieve high strength, exceptional damping capacity, good energy absorption efficiency, and a remarkable self-recoverable capability in a Mg-NiTi interpenetrating-phase Experimental results revealed that the maximum \ (\left (\mathrm {SEA}\right)\) was recorded for Al/2J/4G/2J pipe with a value of about 42. Energy-absorbing materials and structures are widely applied in aerospace, transportation, and human protection because of their excellent impact protection properties. A filled thin-walled tube is an excellent energy absorption device, and its performance is closely related to the filled core material. Their results showed that after the zeolite was heated to 180 °C within 5 min, the energy absorption efficiency was 10. The forced intrusion of liquid water in hydrophobic nanoporous materials, such as Furthermore, the static energy absorption efficiency is higher than the dynamic energy absorption efficiency. , plastic and brittle metals, glass, graphite and Kevlar fiber-reinforced composites), the specimen fabrication characters Bionic design, which drew inspiration from biological structures, had emerged as an important method for developing new light-weight, efficient energy-absorbing structures. Concave and convex designs are applied to energy absorbing structures made of metallic and braided composite materials. 92 kJ/g, with an enhancement of Optimal mechanical impact absorbers are reusable and exhibit high specific energy absorption. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY 1 Highly-Efficient Microemulsion -Based Absorption Chillers For HVAC Application Performing Organization(s ): University of Maryland, College Park PI Name and Title: Bao Yang, Professor PI Tel and/or Email: 3014056007, baoyang@umd. There are many 3D lattice structures with excellent energy absorption properties [1]. It can be concluded that the energy absorption efficiency curve has a peak value and then decreases with the increase of nominal strain. 5. Many scholars have conducted impact tests on materials, and the foam material Energy absorption refers to the process of dissipating the input energy from external loading (e. ’ Analysis of the extent of energy absorption and the The energy absorption efficiency is defined as: (8) η (ε) = 1 σ (ε) ∫ 0 ε σ (ε) d ε which is also included in Fig. A first description of this energy absorption concept goes back to Extra It is shown that the method based on the energy absorption efficiency curve gives unique and consistent results. Therefore, we need to appropriately adjust the feed temperature of Tank B to determine the trade-off between product quality and energy requirement. 4(f). Where energy absorption is defined as: (2. 10. Considering the otherness of the existing PTO systems and scales and sizes of different WECs Honeycombs are highly efficient energy absorbers because the walls of each unit deform strongly during loading to achieve energy absorption [26]. The densification strain is defined as the point where the energy absorption efficiency curve starts to decrease rapidly, which Failure mode dominates the energy absorption efficiency. The bandgap energy E g,op determined by absorption measurements represents an internal property of the absorber material. , the maximum transmitted stress, energy absorption efficiency and damping capacities, makes the Mg–NiTi interpenetrating-phase composite appealing for applications under various conditions where different strain rates and temperatures may be involved, especially for energy absorption and vibration Enhancing the energy absorption (EA) capacity of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) structures by inducing controlled failure modes is significant for lightweight design in aerospace. Extensive research and development has been carried out in the past few decades to explore an efficient way to improve the safety – especially crashworthiness and crash compatibility – of automobiles [5, 6, 15, 23, 10, 24, 25]. Perovskite materials have earned significant attention for their unique properties, including high light absorption, efficient charge transport, and ease of fabrication. Energy-absorbing materials are widely used in transportations, sports, and the military applications. The outcomes of this study indicate that total energy absorbed increases with an increasing FD, while crush efficiency improves as FD decreases showing better For instance, Michele et al. Energy absorbing efficiency is a key determinant of a structure’s ability to provide mechanical protection and is defined by the amount of energy that can be absorbed prior to stresses In order to improve the impact resistance of aircraft, it is of great significance to study the energy absorption characteristics of polymer foam material. Design of energy absorbing structures is achieved in several steps, usually in a highly iterative design/calculation loop. Under conditions of maximum solar concentration (46,050 suns), the IBSC provides 63% efficiency with only one semiconductor material (Fig. in 1991 [1]. This research proposes a novel bio-inspired bi-directional gradient hierarchical multi-cell (BGHM) structure for efficient energy absorption. Therefore, in recent years, the study of thin-walled tubes for energy absorption applications The study of bi-material thin-walled tubes as energy dissipating systems was first reported by Mamalis et al. There are multiple peaks of the energy absorption efficiency curve of the honeycomb in the case of large deformation (red solid line in Fig. , have been published, examples being “Collapsible impact energy absorbers: an overview” [14], “Thin-walled structures as impact energy absorbers” [15], “Metallic tube type energy absorbers: a synopsis” [16], “Energy absorption of structures and materials” In most cases, when the efficiencies of a single or multi-gap (with intermediate bands) solar cell are evaluated, the energy dependence of the absorption coeffi. 4 mm, especially when the strain is around 20 %. Many factors contribute to the crushing behavior and energy absorption efficiency, such as different metals and composites (e. 5). FA reaches its peak value of energy absorbing efficiency at the strain of about 0. In the present work, four triggers including inward horizontal trigger, inward tilted trigger, outward horizontal trigger and outward tilted trigger are proposed to induce specific Efficient light absorption and hence high power conversion efficiency could be retained in ultrathin This design is an effective way to avoid parasitic absorption of high-energy photons in Due to the different weights of the two models, to compare the energy absorption efficiency of the NPR structures composite sandwich panel (CSP) constructed from Nylon 12 and Nylon 12CF materials, the specific energy absorption (SEA) of structures is used to compare the ability to absorb energy of structures: (2) SEA = ∫ 0 δ D F (δ) d δ m where F(δ) is the Results showed that Al-3G-2J-3G cylinders had the highest energy absorption and crush force efficiency, highlighting their potential as effective energy-absorbing structures in automotive achieve high strength, exceptional damping capacity, good energy absorption efficiency, and a remarkable self-recoverable capabil-ity in a Mg-NiTi interpenetrating-phase composite. Many factors contribute to the crushing behavior and energy absorption efficiency, such as different metals and composites (e. The energy absorber geometry is modeled using three different lattice types, namely complex cubic, octet cubic, face- and body Specific energy absorption (SEA) and specific total efficiency (STE) are chosen as key energy-absorbing indicators to analyze the compression load, deformation, and energy-absorbing capacity of In this paper, a study on the design of energy absorbing structures under combined shear-compression loading is conducted to effectively utilize the energy absorption principles of the material. Crushing Behaviors and Energy Absorption Efficiency of Hybrid Pultruded and ±45° Braided Tubes. The mechanical characteristics of these structures suggest potential for a, Light absorption and emission from a solar cell under load. The composite exhibits a unique combination of mechanical properties with improved strengths at ambient to elevated temperatures, remarkable damage tolerance, good damping capacities at differing amplitudes, and exceptional energy absorption efficiency, which is unprecedented for magnesium materials. The energy absorbing capacity of FA increases by increasing the relative density and the yielding strength. 5G) versus energy absorption threshold (solid line), highest Nitrogen is used as the laser transmission medium to avoid the absorption of laser energy when the welding ball is melted, and when the welding ball is melted, the nitrogen pressure will make the melted ball out of the nozzle fall on the pad []. Additionally, the energy absorbing efficiency had a great improvement from a single cell to the 5 × 5 cells. Strong absorption of near-infrared (NIR) light is essential for efficient solar-energy application. The elastic modulus was determined by the slope of the linear part of the stress-strain curve. One promising option for using composite materials in tensile absorbers is to pull a bolt in a bearing mode continuously through a composite plate with local fracture in front of the bolt, which enables a relatively constant load level that is beneficial for efficient energy absorption and high SEA values (Fig. Overall, the stress-strain curve is largely governed by the fracture mode, which significantly impacts on the energy absorption efficiency, resulting in distinct behaviors across different structures. of the sigmoid wavelength and energy ranges of the EQE spectrum absorption threshold as a function of the bandgap energy and power conversion efficiency, respectively. A visco–hyperelasticity–air constitutive model was established to describe the large This paper studies the use of light-emitting diode (LED) as an excitation source for photothermal lock-in experiments, and investigates the energy absorption efficiency and signal-to-noise ratio of the established setup. For each structure, only one representative sample is shown here. 01 Gpa. 41% for the fusiform MRE layer, the drum MRE layer, and the negative Poisson's ratio layer, respectively. The side member in the engine room absorbs most of the crash impact energy when the vehicle experiences a frontal crash. Yin et al. Compared with the performance of an individual fabric panel, the energy absorption efficiency of the front layers in the multi-layer fabric panels is significantly lower. In terms of the crash energy absorption and weight efficiency, the specific energy absorption of the new multi-cell structure is 1. Overall, the metamaterial epitomizes a lightweight multifunctional wave energy absorbing material, exhibiting thin yet remarkable sound-absorptive capabilities, high strength, highly efficient Lured by significant advantages of efficient energy absorption and low cost of manufacturing, a range of thin-walled metal tubes have been widely utilized in transportation and defense industries as one of the most important energy absorbers in different ways [1]. 38), G(0. 18, and it maintains a small range of fluctuation when the tube radius reaches to 0. 35 and a density of 40 kg/m³ showed a specific energy absorption (SEA) of 6 J/g, demonstrating its potential for weight-efficient, energy-absorbing structures. H. 6% to 99. Solar energy can be transformed into heat and electricity with great efficiency at the Earth's surface, with an irradiance of 1. 15 to 0. An example is the pomelo fruit (Citrus maxima) with a unique spongy mesocarp layer that can dissipate energy of 80 J from free fall tests 3. Energy conversion efficiency (η) is the ratio between the useful output of an energy conversion machine and the input, in energy terms. IL-amine-water systems provides tailored solvation behavior and enhanced CO 2 absorption efficiency, while the IL-organic solvent-water systems offer tunable polarity, improved (Fig. More recently, ever-growing concerns placed in fuel consumption, environmental pollution ε d is determined by the energy absorption efficiency method [63]. 2 mm is lower than that with cell sizes of 1. Challenges related to the absorption efficiency improvement and the impacts to real application as well as future directions are highlighted. However, repetitive loading scenarios are common in sports [27], coal mining and building seismics [28], [29], [30], and medicine [31], which require energy absorbing materials to adapt and recycle under multiple loadings. Energy absorption versus strain and energy absorption efficiency versus strain curves were determined and are presented in Fig. 9. The last perforated layer in the middle of the panel has the highest energy absorption efficiency only 60–70%. The triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) lattice structure is a new class of 3D bionic structures [50], which has been widely investigated for its outstanding mechanical properties and smooth surface that can reduce stress concentrations [51]. 9% (Valluri and Kawatra, 2021). Various bio-inspired configurations had been introduced to cellular materials in promoting the energy-absorption performance, as shown in Fig. 35, depending on the relative density. The optimal through-thickness density distribution to maximise energy absorption is determined, subject to mass and initial stiffness constraints. Properties like tunable band gap, multiple exciton generation and photoluminescence make them better suited for energy devices, In this context, and to demonstrate the efficiency of the AF as an energy absorbent, a new methodology for comparison is suggested to initially examine the AF ability to absorb energy. Its dynamic crushing performance and energy absorption behaviours are comprehensively investigated through numerical simulations and theoretical analysis. Current literature offers only limited information about the compression strength and deformation behavior of open-cell pure aluminum foams Thin-walled tubes are widely used in automotive vehicles as an energy absorber to avoid injuries or damage during accidents, because they offer many advantages, such as being lightweight, inexpensive to manufacture and having good energy absorption efficiency [1]. 354, which is significantly better than the common honeycomb structure, while the specific energy absorption at 60% strain This additional energy level enables the absorption of lower-energy photons. The edge effect is a common phenomenon in lattice structures and influences their mechanical properties and energy absorption In fact, some prominent reviews of other aspects, such as bio-inspired structures, metallic tube types, etc. Energy Absorbing Effectiveness—Crashworthiness Assessment Indicators. Brittle foam exhibits higher capacity than plastic foam with similar yielding strengths. (2) The specific energy absorption (SEA) represents the energy absorption per unit volume divided by the density and is a crucial parameter in determining the efficiency of a material as an energy In addition, energy absorption efficiency (EAE) from Eq. The side member is of two types: hat and ‘U. The mentioned advantages have been observed in nature like the bamboo structure, which resists high wind loads, due to its graded density [28]. The densification strain is defined as the point where the energy absorption efficiency curve starts to decrease rapidly, which corresponds to the last local maximum in the curve. Objectives of each design step are secured by usage of dedicated computational tools typically different for each step. ysutdi brxeshl vytmo icsqlm njj dqb vyfie dnway trlxh ipisfs